Grabaei
Grabaei was a tribe in Illyria, somewhere in what is today Albania.[a] They were mentioned by Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD).[1]
After Philip II of Macedon defeated Bardylis (358 BC), the Grabaei under Grabos became the strongest state in Illyria.[2] Philip II killed 7,000 Illyrians in a great victory and annexed the territory up to Lake Ohrid.[3] Next, Philip II reduced the Grabaei, and then went for the Ardiaei, defeated the Triballi (339 BC), and fought with Pleurias (337 BC).[4]
After 9 AD, the remnants of Illyrian tribes moved to new coastal cities and larger and more capable civitates; the Grabaei (called Kambaioi) were among these, mentioned by Pliny the Elder.[5]
Kretschmer etymologically connected their name to Slavic grabǔ, "hornbeam", with a cognate in Epirote Greek gabros (γάβρος, "oak-wood"), approved by most scholars (1924).[6] Their name has been connected to Umbrian Krapuvi and Grabovie, gods of Iguvium.[6] Gabraeum (Gabraion[7]), a place in Epirus,[8] may be connected to the tribe.[9] The name of Grabus, the Taulantii ruler, suggests a connection with the tribe,[10] and Hammond believes that Grabos was his descendant.[2]
See also
Annotations
- ^ Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentioned them as one of the tribes that had inhabited the area between Epidaurus and Lissus.
- Wilkes (1992) placed them around Shkodër.[11]
- Hammond (1994) placed them in the Zadrima plain.[12]
- Hubert Zehnacker placed them around the Drin.[13]
- Johann Hahn (1840) placed them between Drin and Acroceraunia.[14]
References
- ↑ Wilkes 1969, p. 166.
- 1 2 Hammond 1994, p. 438.
- ↑ Hammond 1993, p. 106.
- ↑ Hammond 1993, p. 107.
- ↑ Wilkes 1969, p. 156.
- 1 2 "Balkan languages". Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1924. p. 871. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
- ↑ Procopius : Caesariensis (1729). Procopii Caesariensis Opera: Prokopiou Kaisareos Ton kat'auton historion tetras altera. Procopii Caesariensis historiarum temporis sui tetras altera. p. 443.
- ↑ Annales. impensis Ed. Weberi. 1838. p. 548.
- ↑ Kos, M. Š. (1993). "Famous Kylikes in Illyris". Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte: 247–251.
Gabraeum may certainly be connected with the Dalmatian tribe Grabaei, probably named after the oak tree.
- ↑ Wilkes 1992, p. 121.
- ↑ Wilkes 1992.
- ↑ Hammond 1994, p. 427.
- ↑ Zehnacker, Hubert (2004). Pline l'Ancien. Histoire naturelle: Livre III. Belles Lettres. p. 274. ISBN 978-2-251-01407-4.
- ↑ Hahn 1854, p. 240.
Sources
- Hahn, Johann Georg von (1854). Albanesische Studien: Nebst einer Karte und andern artistischen Beilagen. F. Mauke. p. 240.
- Hammond, N. G. L (1993). Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander. Hakkert.
- Hammond, N. G. L. (1994). "Illyrians and North-west Greeks". The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC. Cambridge University Press: 422–443.
- Wilkes, J. J. (1969). Dalmatia. Harvard University Press.
- Wilkes, J. J. (1992). The Illyrians. Blackwell. ISBN 06-3119-807-5.