List of Solar System extremes

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This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.

By feature

Record Data Feature Ref.
Largest canyon Valles Marineris, Mars [1]
Largest mountain Rheasilvia central peak, Vesta [2][3]
Largest volcano Olympus Mons, Mars [4]
Largest scarp Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus [5]
Largest impact crater 2,700 km (1,700 mi) North Polar Basin, Mars [6]

By class

Type Average density Average temperature Average surface gravity
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
Star 1.4 g/cm3
Sun
[7][8]		 5778 K
Sun
[9][10]		 274 m/s2
Sun
[11]
Major planet 0.7 g/cm3
Saturn
[12][13]		 5.51 g/cm3
Earth
[14][15]		 73 K
Neptune
[16][17][18]		 733 K
Venus
[19]		 3.70 m/s2
Mercury
[18]		 23.1 m/s2
Jupiter
[18]
Dwarf planet 2 g/cm3
Pluto
3 g/cm3
Haumea
30 K
Makemake
167 K
Ceres
0.27 m/s2
Ceres
0.8 m/s2
Eris
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 1] 0.98 g/cm3
Tethys
3.53 g/cm3
Io
[20][21]		 38 K
Triton
[22]		 250 K
Moon
[23]		 0.064 m/s2
Mimas
1.796 m/s2
Io
Type Escape velocity Mass Volume
(Radius)
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
Star 617.7 km/s
Sun
[11]		 332,830 MEarth
Sun
[24][25]		 695,000 km
Sun
[25]
Major planet 4.3 km/s
Mercury
[18]		 59.5 km/s
Jupiter
[18]		 0.055 MEarth
Mercury
[26]		 318 MEarth
Jupiter
[24]		 2500 km
Mercury
[27]		 69911 km
Jupiter
[26]
Dwarf planet 0.51 km/s
Ceres
1.3 km/s
Eris
0.0002 MEarth
Ceres
0.0028 MEarth
Eris
487.3 km
Ceres
1187 km
Pluto
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 1] 0.16 km/s
Mimas
2.74 km/s
Ganymede		 0.000006 MEarth
Mimas
0.0250 MEarth
Ganymede
[28]		 198 km
Mimas
2634 km
Ganymede
[20][28]
Extreme characteristic Star Major planet Dwarf planet Major moon
(of a major or dwarf planet) [NB 1]
Densest atmosphere Venus [NB 2]
[29][30]		 Pluto Titan
[29]

By object

Astronomical Body Elevation
(height above/below datum)		 Elevation
(height above/below base)		 Surface Temperature
Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
Sun N/A 100,000,000 K
In a solar flare
[31]		 1240 K
In a sunspot
[32]
Mercury 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains
[33][34]		 450 °C (842 °F)
Dayside of Mercury
[35]		 −300 °F (−184.4 °C)
Permanently shaded polar craters
[36]
Venus 11 kilometres (6.8 mi)
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra
[37][38][39][40]		 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra
[40][41]		 900 °F (482 °C)
lowlands of Venus
[36]		 700 °F (371 °C)
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra
[36]
Earth 8,848 metres (29,029 ft)
Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China
[42]		 10,971 metres (35,994 ft)
Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean
[43]		 10,200 metres (33,500 ft)
Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America
[42]		 7 kilometres (4.3 mi)
Marianas Trench, Pacific Ocean
[44]		 56.7 °C (134.1 °F)
Furnace Creek Ranch,
Death Valley, United States
(more info)		 −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)
Vostok Station, Antarctica
(more info)
Mars 27 kilometres (17 mi)
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[42]		 6 kilometres (3.7 mi)
Hellas Planitia
[45]		 24 kilometres (15 mi)
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[46]		 9 kilometres (5.6 mi)
Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris
[47]		 20 °C (68 °F)
Martian equator in midsummer day
[48]		 −153 °C (−243 °F)
Martian poles in the depths of winter night
[48]
Jupiter N/A −121 °C (−186 °F)

[49]		 −163 °C (−261 °F)

[49]
Saturn N/A −130 °C (−202 °F)

[50]		 −191 °C (−311.8 °F)

[50]
Uranus N/A −205 °C (−337.0 °F)

[51]		 −214 °C (−353.2 °F)

[51]
Neptune N/A −220 °C (−364.0 °F)

[52]		 −223 °C (−369.4 °F)

[52]
Moon 10,786 metres (35,387 ft)
5.4125° , 201.3665°
[53][54]		 9.06 kilometres (5.63 mi)
Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S)
127 °C (261 °F)
midday on the equator
[55]		 −247 °C (−412.6 °F)
Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice
[55]
Io 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi)
Boosaule Montes
[56][57]
Europa 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W)
[58]		 132 K
Subsolar temperature
[59]
Ganymede 156 K
Subsolar temperature
[59]		 −193 °C (−315.4 °F)
Nighttime temperature
[60]
Callisto 168 K
Subsolar temperature
[59]		 80 K
Predawn nighttime temperature
[61]
Titan 2 km (1.2 mi)
Mithrim Montes, Xanadu[62]
Mimas
Enceladus 110 K
Tiger Stripes
[63]
Tethys
Dione
Rhea
Iapetus 20 kilometres (12 mi)
Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge
[64][65][66]
Ariel
Ariel
Titania
Oberon
Miranda
20 kilometres (12 mi) 20 kilometres (12 mi)

Verona Rupes
[5]
Triton
Nereid
Proteus
Charon
Ceres 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi)
Ahuna Mons

[67][68]		 −38 °C (−36 °F)

[69]
Pluto 3.4 km (2.1 mi)
Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio[70]		 −228 °C (−378.4 °F)

[71]		 −238 °C (−396.4 °F)

[71]
Eris −232 °C (−385.6 °F)

[72]		 −248 °C (−414.4 °F)

[72]
Makemake
Haumea
The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line;

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 A major moon is a moon that is hydrostatically round.
  2. ↑ As the transition from atmosphere to other is unclear for the giant planets, they are not included in this

References

  1. ↑ NASA, "Ius Chasma" (accessed 2010-11-15)
  2. ↑ Vega, P. (11 October 2011). "New View of Vesta Mountain From NASA's Dawn Mission". Jet Propulsion Lab's Dawn mission web site. NASA. Retrieved 29 March 2012. External link in |work= (help)
  3. ↑ Schenk, P.; Marchi, S.; O'Brien, D.P.; Buczkowski, D.; Jaumann, R.; Yingst, A.; McCord, T.; Gaskell, R.; Roatsch, T.; Keller, H. E.; Raymond, C.A.; Russell, C.T. (1 March 2012), Mega-Impacts into Planetary Bodies: Global Effects of the Giant Rheasilvia Impact Basin on Vesta, The Woodlands, Texas: LPI, Bibcode:2012LPI....43.2757S, contribution 1659, id.2757, retrieved 6 September 2012
  4. ↑ Universe Today, "The Largest Volcano in the Solar System", Fraser Cain, 16 July 2008 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  5. 1 2 Astronomy Picture of the Day, "2007 July 23", NASA, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-10)
  6. ↑ Chandler, David (June 25, 2008). "Solar System's biggest impact scar discovered". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  7. ↑ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Sun", May Ko, 1999 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  8. ↑ Universe Today, "Density of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 24 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  9. ↑ Universe Today, "Temperature of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 15 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  10. ↑ The Physics Factbook, "Temperature on the Surface of the Sun", Glynise Finney, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  11. 1 2 Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets", Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  12. ↑ Universe Today, "Density of the Planets", Abbey Cessna, 9 August 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  13. ↑ The Physics Factbook, "Density of Saturn", Meredith Garmisa, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  14. ↑ Universe Today, "Density of the Earth", Fraser Cain, 10 March 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  15. ↑ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Earth", Katherine Malfucci, 2000 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  16. ↑ Universe Today, "What is the Coldest Planet of Our Solar System?", Fraser Cain, 28 May 2010 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  17. ↑ Universe Today, "Temperature of Neptune", Fraser Cain, 28 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Journey Through the Galaxy, "Planets of the Solar System", Stuart Robbins, David McDonald, 14 September 2006 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  19. ↑ Planet Facts, "Temperature on Venus – The Hottest Planet" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  20. 1 2 Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.10
  21. ↑ Universe Today, "Density of the Moon", Fraser Cain, 3 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  22. ↑ Praxis, "Distant Worlds", Peter Bond, 2007, Catalog record for Distant worlds : milestones in planetary exploration at the United States Library of Congress , ISBN 0-387-40212-8 , pg.247
  23. ↑ ABC News (USA), "Moon Base Camp Would Offer 'Practice'", Amanda Onion, 12 January 2004 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  24. 1 2 Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.2
  25. 1 2 Views of the Solar System, "Sun", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  26. 1 2 Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.6
  27. ↑ Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2 , pg.4
  28. 1 2 the neighborhood, "g a l i l e a n m o o n s o f j u p i t e r", Raymond Harris, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  29. 1 2 Johns Hopkins University Press, "Alien Volcanoes", Michael Carroll, Rosaly Lopes, Fall 2007 (accessed 2010-11-20)
  30. ↑ University of Massachusetts; Department of Astronomy, "The Terrestrial Planets - Quiz 8", T. Arny (accessed 2010-11-21)
  31. ↑ Goddard Space Flight Center, "What is a Solar Flare?", Gordon Holman, Sarah Benedict, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  32. ↑ Serbian Astronomical Journal, "On the Effective Temperature of Sunspot Umbrae using Beryllium Hydride Isotopomer Lines", Sangeetha, R.; Sriramachandran, P.; Bagare, S. P.; Rajamanickam, N.; Shanmugavel, R., vol. 179, pp. 95-99, December 2009, doi:10.2298/SAJ0979095S , Bibcode: 2009SerAJ.179...95S
  33. ↑ Icarus, "The morphology of Mercury’s Caloris basin as seen in MESSENGER stereo topographic models", Oberst, Jürgen; Preusker, Frank; Phillips, Roger J.; et al., Volume 209, Issue 1, p. 230-238, September 2010, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.009 , Bibcode: 2010Icar..209..230O
  34. ↑ Lerner Publications, "Mercury", Gregory Vogt, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7613-5705-6 , pp.31
  35. ↑ World Book at NASA, "Mercury", Maria T. Zuber, 2004, World Book Online Reference Center (accessed 2010-11-11)
  36. 1 2 3 Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society, "Planetary Personalities, Part 1 of 3: The Inner Planets", Perry Pezzolanella, February 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  37. ↑ Astronomy Magazine, "Astronomy for Kids: Venus" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  38. ↑ NRAO, "Venusian Mountain Maxwell Montes" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  39. ↑ NOAA, "Venus Topography and Shaded Relief" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  40. 1 2 National Academy Press, "Physics Through the 1990s: Scientific Interfaces and Technological Applications", National Research Council, 1986, pp.100, ISBN 0-309-03580-5
  41. ↑ Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "Venus", David Darling (accessed 2010-11-06)
  42. 1 2 3 Universe Today, "Tallest Mountain", Abbey Cessna, 30 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  43. ↑ Universe Today, "Deepest Point On Earth", John Carl Villanueva, 3 September 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  44. ↑ Earlham College, Geosciences 211: Physical Geology (2003), "Marianas Trench", Ruairi K. Rhodes, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  45. ↑ The Physics Factbook, "Altitude of the Lowest Point on Mars", Allison Chin, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  46. ↑ Hawaiian Encyclopedia, "The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain", Daniel Harrington, Mutual Publishing (accessed 2010-11-06)
  47. ↑ Universe Today, "Melas Chasma: The Deepest Abyss on Mars", Nancy Atkinson, 8 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  48. 1 2 NASA Quest, "Mars Facts" (accessed 2010-11-11)
  49. 1 2 Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Jupiter", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  50. 1 2 Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Saturn", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  51. 1 2 Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Uranus", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  52. 1 2 Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Neptune", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  53. ↑ The Register, "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest", Lewis Page, 29 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  54. ↑ Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, "Highest Point on the Moon!", Mark Robinson, 26 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  55. 1 2 BBC News, "'Coldest place' found on the Moon", Jonathan Amos, 16 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  56. ↑ Springer-Praxis, "Io After Galileo", Rosaly M. C. Lopes, John Robert Spencer, 2007, ISBN 9783540346814 , pp.110
  57. ↑ Cambridge University Press, 'Planetary Tectonics', "Tectonics of the outer planet satellites", Paul M. Schenk et al., 2009, `ed. Thomas R. Watters, Richard A. Schultz`, ISBN 0521765730 , pp.289
  58. ↑ Icarus, "Europa: Initial Galileo Geological Observations", Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Klemaszewski, James;, Volume 135, pp. 4-24, September 1998, doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5969 , Bibcode: 1998Icar..135....4G
  59. 1 2 3 Astrophysical Journal, "Callisto: New Insights from Galileo Disk-resolved UV Measurements", Hendrix, Amanda R.; Johnson, Robert E., Volume 687, Issue 1, pp. 706-713, November 2008, doi:10.1086/591491 , Bibcode: 2008ApJ...687..706H
  60. ↑ OuterSpaceSite.com, "Jupiter's Moon Ganymede" (accessed 2010-11-22)
  61. ↑ "17 Callisto", Jeffrey M. Moore et al. (accessed 2010-11-25)
  62. ↑ Mitri, G.; Bland,M. T.; Showman, A. P.; Radebaugh, J.; Stiles, B.; Lopes, R. M. C.; Lunine, J. I.; Pappalardo, R. T. (2010). "Mountains on Titan: Modeling and observations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (E10002): 1–15. Bibcode:2010JGRE..11510002M. doi:10.1029/2010JE003592. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  63. ↑ Views of the Solar System, "Saturn II - Enceladus", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-28)
  64. ↑ Solar System Exploration, "The Mountains of Saturn's Mysterious Moon Iapetus", NASA, 16 October 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  65. ↑ JPL, Cassini Solstice Mission, "Iapetus", NASA (accessed 2010-11-11)
  66. ↑ itWire, "Ridge on Saturn moon Iapetus was hard nut to crack", William Atkins, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  67. ↑ Robert Burnham (1 September 2016). "Ceres: The tiny world where volcanoes erupt ice". Arizona State University.
  68. ↑ O. Ruesch et al. (March 2016). "Ahuna Mons: A Geologically-Young Extrusive Dome on Ceres" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (47). 2279.
  69. ↑ Views of the Solar System, "Dwarf Planet Ceres", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-27)
  70. ↑ Talbert, Tricia (July 15, 2015). "The Icy Mountains of Pluto". NASA. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  71. 1 2 Enchanted Learning Software, "Pluto", 2010 (accessed 2010-11-27)
  72. 1 2 Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society, "Eris: dwarf planet larger than Pluto", Mike Baldwin, 11 November 2006 (accessed 2010-11-27)

See also

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