M

This article is about the letter of the Roman alphabet. For the letter of the Cyrillic script (М, м), see Em (Cyrillic). For other uses, see M (disambiguation).

For technical reasons, "M#" redirects here. For the programming language, see M Sharp.

ISO basic
Latin alphabet

Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd
Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh
Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll
Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp
Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt
Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx
Yy	Zz

Writing cursive forms of M

M (named em /ˈɛm/)^[1] is the 13th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

History

Egyptian hieroglyph "n"

-Phoenician
Mem

Etruscan M

Greek
Mu

Roman M

The letter M is derived from the Phoenician Mem, via the Greek Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic Mem is most likely derived from a "Proto-Sinaitic" (Bronze Age) adoption of the "water" ideogram in Egyptian writing. The Egyptian sign had the acrophonic value /n/, from the Egyptian word for "water", nt; the adoption as the Semitic letter for /m/ was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the Semitic word for "water", *mā(y)-.^[2]

Use in writing systems

The letter ⟨m⟩ represents the bilabial nasal consonant sound [m] in the orthography of Latin as well as in that of many modern languages, and also in the International Phonetic Alphabet. In English, the Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) says that ⟨m⟩ is sometimes a vowel in words like spasm and in the suffix -ism. In modern terminology, this is described as a syllabic consonant (IPA [m̩]).

Other uses

The Roman numeral Ⅿ represents the number 1000, though it was not used in Roman times.^[3]

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

M with diacritics: Ḿ ḿ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ
IPA-specific symbols related to M: ɱ

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

𐤌 : Semitic letter Mem, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Μ μ : Greek letter Mu, from which M derives
  - Ⲙ ⲙ : Coptic letter Me, which derives from Greek Mu
  - М м : Cyrillic letter Em, also derived from Mu
  - 𐌌 : Old Italic M, which derives from Greek Mu, and is the ancestor of modern Latin M
    - ᛗ : Runic letter Mannaz, which derives from old Italic M
  - 𐌼 : Gothic letter manna, which derives from Greek Mu

Ligatures and abbreviations

Computing codes

Character	M		m
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M		LATIN SMALL LETTER M
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	77	U+004D	109	U+006D
UTF-8	77	4D	109	6D
Numeric character reference	M	M	m	m
EBCDIC family	212	D4	148	94
ASCII ¹	77	4D	109	6D

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

NATO phonetic	Morse code
Mike	––


Signal flag	Flag semaphore	Braille dots-134

References

↑ "M" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "em," op. cit.
↑ See F. Simons, "Proto-Sinaitic — Progenitor of the Alphabet" Rosetta 9 (2011): Figure Two: "Representative selection of proto-Sinaitic characters with comparison to Egyptian hieroglyphs", (p. 38) Figure Three: "Chart of all early proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 39), Figure Four: "Representative selection of later proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to early proto-Canaanite and proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 40). See also: Goldwasser (2010), following Albright (1966), "Schematic Table of Proto-Sinaitic Characters" (fig. 1).
↑ Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015.

External links

Media related to M at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of M at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of m at Wiktionary

The ISO basic Latin alphabet

Letter M with diacritics
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Ḿḿ	Ṁṁ	Ṃṃ	ᵯ	ᶆ	Ɱɱ

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