List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: C
Main article: List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility
C
- Cadafael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw the Battle Shirker
- Cadell Ddyrnllwg, King of Powys Ddyrnllwg (Fr. au Pommeau Rutilant, It. Impugnatura Scintillante)
- Cadeyrn, King of Powys il Benedetto
- Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion Long Hand, the Long-Handed
- Cairbre Lifechair the Lover of the Liffey
- Caesar, duc de Choiseul Marshal du Plessis-Praslin
- Caligula the Little Boot [1][2]
- Cangrande I della Scala Cangrande (Big or Great Dog):
- Canute the Great the Dane, the Great, the Rich [3]
- Canute II of Sweden the Tall
- Canute III of Denmark Harthacanute, the Hardy
- Canute IV of Denmark the Holy, the Pious, the Saint [4]
- Canute Lavard the Lord, the Protector, the Saint
- Caracalla Caracul of Fingal, Oedipus, the Son of the King of the World [5][6]
- Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, known in his youth as Tjabo
- Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland, the Blue Prince[7]
- Carloman of France the Blind
- Carlos I of Portugal the Diplomat, the Oceanographer, the Martyr
- Carol II of Romania the Playboy King
- Carolina, Baroness Nairne BB, Mrs. Bogan of Bogan, the Flower of Strathearn
- Caroline of Brunswick, (estranged wife/consort of King George IV of England), the Injured Queen of England
- Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt the Great Landgravine [8]
- Caroline, Princess of Hanover la Bouche d'Or [9]
- Lady Caroline Blackwood Caroline Blackwood [10]
- Caroline Barry, Lady Melfort Billingsgate [11]
- Carlota of Spain a Megera de Queluz (the Vixen of Queluz)
- Casimir I of Poland the Peacemaker, the Reformer, the Restorer
- Casimir II of Poland the Just
- Casimir III of Poland the Great, the Polish Justinian ,[12] the King of Kraków the King of the Peasants, the Peasants' King [13]
- Saint Casimir the Peacemaker, the Saint
- Cathal Cú-cen-máthair the Motherless Hound [14]
- Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair the Red Hand
- Catherine II of Russia Feke, Figchen, Madame Snake, the Enlightened Despot, the Great, the Modern Messalina, the Northern Semiramis, the Philosopher-King, the Semiramis of the North, the Star of the North [15][16]
- Catherine de' Medici Jezebel, the Barren Wife, the Black Queen, the Eclipsed Consort, the Italian Duchess Without a Duchy, the Maggot from Italy's Tomb, the Merchant's Daughter, the Monstrous Regiment of Women, the Mother of the Modern High-Heeled Shoe [17][18][19]
- Catherine Dolgorukov la Grande Mademoiselle [20]
- Catherine FitzGerald, Countess of Desmond the Old Countess [21][22]
- Catherine Gordon the White Rose of Scotland[5]
- Catherine Howard the Rose Without a Thorn
- Cecilia of Baux Passerose [23]
- Cecily Neville Mother Extraordinaire, Proud Cis, the Roman Matriarch, the Rose of Raby, Survivalist Cicely [24][25][26]
- Centule III, Viscount of Béarn, 984–1004 the Old, the Pious
- Centule IV, Viscount of Béarn, 1012–1058 the Old
- Centule V, Viscount of Béarn, 1058–1090 the Young, the Younger
- Cesare Borgia il Valentino
- Chaka of Bulgaria the Usurper
- Charlotte of Belgium the Mad Empress [27]
- Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Monkey Face [28]
- Charlotte Brabantina of Nassau la Belle Brabant [29][30]
- Charlemagne the Blessed, the Butcher of the Saxons, the Sleeper, the Sleeping Hero, the Sleeping King
- Charles I, Duke of Burgundy the Terrible
- Charles I of England King and Martyr, the Last Man, the Man of Blood, the Martyr, the Saint, the White King [31][32][33][33][34]
- Charles I of Savoy the Warrior
- Charles I of Sicily Charles of Anjou, Charles I of Sicily the Defender of the Church
- Charles I, Count of Flanders the Dane, the Good
- Charles I, Duke of Burgundy the Occidental Turk [35]
- Charles I, King of Hungary, 1307–1342 Carobert
- Charles I de Valois, Duke of Orléans the Unfortunate Prince [36]
- Charles I, Margrave of Baden, 1453–1475 the Warlike, the Warrior
- Charles I, Duke of Burgundy the Bold, the Rash [37]
- Charles I of Hungary the Hammer
- Charles II of Albret Labret, Lebret [38]
- Charles II of Alençon the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous
- Charles II of England Old Rowley, the Black Boy, the Merry Monarch, the Merrie Monarche, the Mutton Eating Monarch , the Son of the Last Man [32][39][40]
- Charles II of Hungary de la Poix
- Charles II of Naples the Halter of Jerusalem, the Lame, the Wise
- Charles II of Navarre the Bad [41]
- Charles II of Savoy the Good [42]
- Charles II of Spain the Bewitched, the Little King,[43][44] Lord Strutt [5]
- Charles II, Duke of Lorraine the Bold, the Great
- Charles III of France the Drunkard, the Simple [45] [46]
- Charles III of Naples Charles of Durazzo, the Little", the Short, the Small
- Charles III of Navarre the Noble
- Charles III of Spain the Enlightened Despot, the Politic
- Charles III, Duke of Bourbon the Constable, Charles Monsieur,[47] le Connétable de Bourbon
- Charles IV of France the Fair
- Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor the Popish King,[48] Charles of Luxemburg,[49] the Parsons' King the Priests' King,[49] the Father of the Czech Nation [50][51]
- Charles IV of Spain the Hunger
- Charles V of France the Solomon of France,[32] the Wise
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor the Emperor, the Golden One (Sp. el Dorado), the Sleeper, the Sleeping Hero, the Sleeping King
- Charles VI of France the Mad Prince, the Well-Beloved, the Mad
- Charles VII of France le Trésvictorieux, the Dauphin, the King of Bourges, the Mark Tapley of Kings, the Victorious, the Well-Served[33][52][52][52]
- Charles VIII the Affable
- Charles IX of Sweden the Peasant King [53]
- Charles X of France the First Gentleman of Europe
- Charles XI of Sweden the People-Murderer , the King of the Peasants, the Peasants' King [54] the King of the Peasants, the Peasants' King ,[55][56] The Grey Cloak
- Charles XII of Sweden Carolus Rex, the Alexander of the North, the Brilliant Madman, the Don Quixote of the North, the Habitué (Tur. Demirbaş Şarl), the Madman of the North, the Madman of Europe [33][57][57][58][59]
- Charles XIV John of Sweden the Gascon , the Sergeant with Beautiful Legs,[60] Sergeant Pretty Legs (Fr. Sergent Belle-Jambe):
- Charles, Archduke of Austria South Squire [32]
- Charles, King of Neustria, 790–811 the Young, the Younger
- Charles, Lord of Sainte-Aulaye (1615–1646) le Comte de Chabot
- Charles, Duke of Guelders Charles of Egmond, the Achilles of Guelders
- Charles of Bretzenheim Augustus
- Charles of Viana Charles of Aragon, Don Carlos [61]
- Charles of Valois the Landless
- Charles, duc d'Orléans the Poet
- Charles, Duke of Calabria the Illustrious
- Charles, Prince of Wales Brian, Honorary Grandson
- Charles the Bald
- Charles the Child
- Charles the Fat
- Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine Cardinal de Guise [62][63]
- Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy the Great [64]
- Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy the Hadrian of Piedmont
- Charles George Gordon Gordon Pasha, Gordon of Khartoum, the Chinese Gordon [65]
- Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk the Drunken Duke [11]
- Charles James Fox the Man of the People [32]
- Charles Joseph, Prince de Ligne the Charmer of Europe, the Coxcomb, the Prince of Coxcombs, le Mignon:[5][66] the Prince of Coxcombs [66][67]
- Charles Lucien Bonaparte the Father of American Descriptive Ornithology [68]
- Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord the Father of the Constitutional Church, the Prince of Diplomats, the Son of His Time [69][69][70]
- Charles Martel the Hammer [71][72]
- Charles Martel of Anjou the Hammer
- Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset the Proud Duke
- Charles Stewart, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry Fighting Charlie
- Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend Turnip Townshend [73]
- Childebert the Adopted [74]
- Childeric III the False King, the Idiot, the Phantom King
- Christian I of Denmark the Bottomless Purse [75]
- Christian I, Count of Oldenburg the Quarrelsome, the Warlike
- Christian I of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst the Elder
- Christian II of Denmark the Cruel, the Nero of the North, the Tyrant ("As a result of his conquest of Sweden and his involvement in the "Stockholm Bloodbath," Christian is remembered as 'Christian the Tyrant'.")[5][76][77]
- Christian II of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst the Young, the Younger
- Christian II, Elector of Saxony the Beer King
- Christian III of Denmark the Father of the People
- Christian IX of Denmark the Father-in-law of Europe
- Christian of Oldenburg (d. 1192) 'the Crusader
- Christian the Younger of Brunswick, Bishop of Halberstadt Christian of Halberstadt, Mad Christian, the Mad Halberstadter, the Younger
- Christopher II of Denmark the King Without a Country, the King Who Mortgaged Denmark to the Germans
- Christopher of Bavaria the Bavarian, the King of Bark, the Bark King [75][78]
- Christopher Hatton the Dancing Chancellor [33]
- Christina of Sweden the Girl Queen,[79] the Snow Queen [32]
- Christine Marie of France the Royal Madam (It. Madama Reale) [80]
- Christopher of Bavaria
- Christoph, Duke of Württemberg the Pacific
- Christine Marie of France the Madama of Turin [81]
- Clemence of Anjou the Benevolent Queen, the Hungarian Lady [82]
- Clotilde of Burgundy the Saint
- Conchobar O'Brien, King of Thomond Ruad
- Constantine II of Greece the King Without a Country, the King Who Mortgaged Denmark to the Germans [83]
- Constantine, Lord of Lampron (1180–1250) the Traitor
- Claude Victor-Perrin, duc de Belluno Victor [84]
- Claudius the Idiot [1]
- Clemens August Graf von Galen "The Lion of Munster" [85]
- Claude of France the Good
- Claude de Longwy de Givry Cardinal de Givry [86]
- Claude Victor-Perrin, duc de Belluno Beau-Soleil , Belle-Lune
- Clemente Grosso della Rovere Cardinal della Rovere [87]
- Cleophon (politician) the Lyremaker [88]
- Cloderic, King of Cologne the Parricide [89]
- Clodio the Hairy
- Clodoaldo, Lord of Piombino the Cruel [90]
- Claude Victor-Perrin, duc de Belluno Grippe-Lune
- Claudius the Stutterer [1]
- Claudius II Gothicus, the Conqueror of the Goths, the Second Trajan [33]
- Clotaire I the Old
- Clotaire II the Great, the Young, the Younger
- Clovis, King of Cologne, (407–428) the Riparian
- Clovis I the First Christian, the Great
- Clovis II the Do-Nothing
- Coel Hen Old King Cole [91] the Old[92]
- Coirpre (d.c580), King of Munster the Crooked, le Tort' [14]
- Cola di Rienzo "The Last of the Tribunes" [5]
- Colla Menn the Stammerer
- Colla Uais the Noble [93]
- Colin Campbell of Glenorchy (1428–1489), 1st Laird of Glenorchy Dubh na Roimhe, Laith
- Colman Rimidh the Celebrated [93]
- Coloman of Hungary the Wise,[94] the Book-Lover
- Commodus the Second Hercules Hercules Secundus [33]
- Conan I of Rennes the Crooked, le Tort' [95]
- Conan III, Duke of Brittany the Fat
- Conan IV, Duke of Brittany the Black, the Little, the Young, the Younger [96]
- Conchobar II, King of Thomond, 1198-1210 the Red [14]
- Conchobar IV, King of Thomond, 1466-1496 the Great [14]
- Concino Concini Maréchal d'Ancre [97]
- Conn Ó Lochlain the Poet [93]
- Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone the Lame [98]
- Conn of the Hundred Battles Conn of the Hundred Battles, Conn of the Hundred Fights, the Hundred Fighter,[93] King Conn of Tara
- Connor O'Brien, King of Thomond, 1242–1248 na-Suidaine
- Conor (Conchobar) O'Neill, King of Ulster of the Woods
- Conrad I, Margrave of Meissen (1091–1157) the Great
- Conrad I, Count of Peilstein (1114–1168) der Rauhe
- Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia the Elder
- Conrad I (c1114-1168), Count of Peilstein the Pacific
- Conrad I of Altdorf, Bishop of Konstanz, 934–975 the Saint
- Conrad I of Nuremberg the Pious
- Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria the Salian
- Conrad II, Duke of Carinthia the Young, the Younger
- Conrad III of Mazovia (1448–1503) the Red
- Conrad III of Silesia (1354/59–1412/13) the Old
- Conrad IV, Duke of Silesia the Elder
- Conrad IV of Bavaria the Child
- Conrad IV, Duke of Silesia the Black
- Conrad IV, Duke of Silesia (1380/84–1447), Bishop Starzsy
- Conrad IV of Spoleto Conrad de Duce [99]
- Conrad V of Spoleto Conrad de Duce [100]
- Conrad V of Silesia (1381/85–1439) Kantner
- Conrad VI, Duke of Silesia-Oleśnica, 1416–1427 the Dean
- Conrad VII, Duke of Silesia The Elder Sage
- Conrad VII, Duke of Silesia (1396–1445) the White
- Conrad VIII, Duke of Silesia (1397–1444/47) the Knight
- Conrad IX, Duke of Silesia-Oels, 1450-1471 the White
- Conrad IX, Duke of Silesia-Olesnica, 1439–1471 the Black
- Conrad IX of Silesia-Oels the Young, the Younger
- Conrad X, Duke of Silesia (1420–1492) the White
- Conrad X, Duke of Silesia the Younger Sage
- Conrad of Burgundy the Pacific
- Conrad, Duke of Lorraine the Red, the Wise
- Conrad, Margrave of Meissen, 1130–1156 the Pious, the Rich
- Conrad of Rechberg and Rothenlowen the Upright
- Conradin Konradin von Hohenstaufen, the Boy, the Young, the Younger
- Corcran Claireach the Cleric [93]
- Cormac mac Airt Long Beard [93]
- Cosimo de' Medici the Elder, the Father of the County, Pater Patriae, the Old [101]
- Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany the Great, the Upstart
- Constans II, Byzantine Emperor Constans Pogonatus, the Bearded
- Constans (d.310) Mariatocos, grandson of Constantius Chlorus
- Constantine I (emperor) the Great
- Constantine I the Saint
- Constantine I, King of Kakheti, 1603–1604 the Cursed
- Constantine I of Rostov (1207–1218) | Constantine I of Moscow (1216–1218) the Book-Lover
- Constantine II of Greece Mr. Glucksburg, the Former, the Little, the Small
- Constantine II, Prince of Uglich, 1407–1433 the Young, the Younger
- Constantine IV, Byzantine Emperor the Bearded
- Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor Copronymus, the Dung-Named [102]
- Constantine VI the Blind
- Constantine VII the Purple-Born [103]
- Constantine IX Monomachus Constantine Euergetes, Monomakh, the One Who Fights Alone, the Single Combatant, the Single Combat Man, the Well-Born
- Constantine XI, Byzantine Emperor Dragases, the Last, the Sleeper, the Sleeping Hero, the Sleeping King
- Constantine, Prince of Lampron, 1220–1249 the Thagadir
- Constantine, Lord of Barbaron and Lampron (1180–1263) the Regent
- Constantine Bodin (Peter III) Bodin, Peter III of Bulgaria
- Constantine, Prince of Yaroslavl the Artist [104]
- Constantius Chlorus Byzantine Emperor the Pale
- Crimthann mac Fidaig Son of Fidach (mac Fidaig)
- Crimthann Nia Náir the Heroic [93]
- Crinan of Dunkeld the Thane
- Csaba of the Huns the Sleeper, the Sleeping Hero, the Sleeping King, son of Attila the Hun
- Culen of Scotland the Whelp
- Cuilén of Scotland the Scottish Sardanapalus [105]
- Cunedda the Emperor
- Cunigunde of Luxemburg the Saint
- Cuthburh the Saint [106]
- Cynehelm the Saint
- Cyngen Glodrydd, King of Powis the Renowned, the Famous
- "The Cabal Ministry":
- "The Cabal of Importants" (Fr. Cabale des Importants):
- "The Catholic Monarchs" (Sp. los Reyes Catolicos; not really a nickname but an honour bestowed by the Pope):
Regnal name
- Charles I of Naples: Charles I of Sicily
- Charles II of Norway: Charles XII of Sweden
- Charles III John of Norway: Charles XIV John of Sweden
- Charles IV of Hungary: Karl I of Austria
- Conradin: Conrad II of Sicily, Conrad III of Jerusalem, Conrad IV of Swabia, Conrad V of Germany
- Conrad II of Jerusalem": Conrad IV of Germany
Notes
- 1 2 3 "Vol I File 14: The Paternal Ancestry of Homer Beers James". Homepages.rootsweb.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "An Abridged History Of Rome - Part I - Vii - From Tiberius To Nero". Romeartlover.it. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "RULERS OF DENMARK (DANMARK)". umich.edu.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070108173911/http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-3.asp. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "RomeHistory". Emp.byui.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/blå-prinsen
- ↑ "Genealogie Mittelalter". genealogie-mittelalter.de. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007.
- ↑ Princess Caroline of Monaco - Biography - IMDb
- ↑ "The Marquesses of Dufferin: their cousinship with Jean Margaret (Kennedy) Mitchelson through the Stoughton family". Cybrary.uwinnipeg.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- 1 2 "The Prince Regents Set". Georgian Index. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070212030544/http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/GreatDynasties.html. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070212030544/http://www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk/www/GreatDynasties.html. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 3 4 https://web.archive.org/web/20061118053218/http://www.hostkingdom.net/irel.html. Archived from the original on November 18, 2006. Retrieved March 11, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "The State Hermitage Museum: Exhibitions". Hermitagemuseum.org. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Catherine II - Alexander Palace Time Machine". Alexanderpalace.org. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Catherine de Medici - Reviewed by Ann Skea - Eclectica Magazine v9n2". Eclectica.org. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "medici". tudorhistory.org. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "skirtman.org". skirtman.org. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Maurice Paléologue. An Ambassador's Memoirs. 1925. Vol. I, Chapter IX". Net.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "FITZGERALD of Desmond". Tudorplace.com.ar. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter D". Booksulster.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "La Maison de Savoie". Sabaudia.org. Archived from the original on April 29, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120205022134/http://www.r3.org/fiction/roses/cicely.html. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070223155412/http://www.rabycastle.com/history/nevills_raby.htm. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "May 31st". thebookofdays.com.
- ↑ "charlotte biography". www.xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "george3 biography". www.xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Charlotten Assau biography". worldroots.com. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ http://www.siefar.org/DictionnaireSIEFAR/SFNassauCB.html
- ↑ "Sobriquets and Nicknames". google.ca.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ David Plant (2007-05-18). "Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658". British-civil-wars.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "The Early Habsburgs". Freiburg-madison.de. 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "404 Not Found". jeanne-darc.dk. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
- ↑ Carla (2006-11-09). "Carla Nayland Historical Fiction: Charles le Temeraire and Jeanne Hachette". Carlanayland.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Charles d'Albret". Perso.orange.fr. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ Mike Mahoney. "Kings and Queens of England - Charles II". English Monarchs. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Lifting the lid on royal nicknames (From The Argus)". Archive.theargus.co.uk. 2002-03-04. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070204144025/http://www.dailylush.com/archives/the_liquor-soaked_death_of_charles_ii_of_navarre.html. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070226210934/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog23.htm. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070226211401/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog14.htm. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "The Rollonid Principality 2.2". ORB. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Vikings and Feudal Europe 900-1095 by Sanderson Beck". San.beck.org. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ Cawley, Charles, Bourbon, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved July 2012 Check date values in:
|access-date=(help), - ↑ "Charles IV". Pyykkonen.net. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- 1 2 "Charles IV". Wga.hu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Charles IV (Karel IV.) - Czech king and Holy Roman Emperor". Myczechrepublic.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "RP's History Online - Charles IV". Archiv.radio.cz. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- 1 2 3 "Charles VII, King of France (1403-1461)". Xenophongroup.com. 2004-01-21. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Reformation And Reaction - The Sons Of Gustavus I". Oldandsold.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Estonia during the reign of the absolutist King Charles XI. The Great Reduction of manors". Estonica.org. 2000-11-20. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "The Marriage of Jadwiga and Jagiello". Gallowglass.org. 1996-06-08. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Internetna stran z informacijo". poland-embassy.si. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007.
- 1 2 "Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Madman". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Great Northern War: Swedish King Charles XII's Campaigns". Historynet.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050427223759/http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=c&word=CHARLESXII. Archived from the original on April 27, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2008. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Bernadotte Jean Baptiste Jules 1763 - 1844 King of Sweden and of Norway". Ameliefr.club.fr. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Charles of Aragon". Grec.net. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Réunion des musées nationaux". Photo.rmn.fr. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Vol. 1". Manybooks.net. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ http://www.savoydelegation-usa.org/biographies_gallery.asp?path=1580%5Fcharles%5Femmanuel%5Fi%2Ejpg&page=1
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061022053027/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayLeader.cfm?PID=5224. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 "Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Coxcomb". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Claude Lamoral (Prince de Ligne) (Pepys' Diary)". Pepysdiary.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "The Emperor of Nature | Stroud, Patricia Tyson". Upenn.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- 1 2 "Talleyrand Prince of Diplomats". Talleyrand.be. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20051110085635/http://www.napoleon.org/en/reading_room/articles/files/talleyrand_bibliographical_essay.asp. Archived from the original on November 10, 2005. Retrieved March 26, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Medieval France". google.ca.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061022052324/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayLeader.cfm?PID=5439. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Captains". Yeomenoftheguard.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Childebert III Adoptivus". Famous.adoption.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- 1 2 "Unionism Versus Patriotism - Margaret, Engelbrekt And Charles Knutsson". Oldandsold.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070204043740/http://danskekonger.dk/eng/biografi/ChrII.html. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050422013944/http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=c&word=CHRISTIANII. Archived from the original on April 22, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2008. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Bibliomania: Free Online Literature and Study Guides". bibliomania.com.
- ↑ "December 2006 Newsletter: Royals A-Z - Page 2". The Royal Forums. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ The "Madama" of Turin Archived October 28, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.
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|title=(help) - ↑
- ↑ "King Without A Country". Angelfire.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Claude-Victor Perrin, known as Victor, marshal, duke of Bellune (Functioning, The Vosges, 1764 - Paris, 1841)". Ameliefr.club.fr. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Alex Kratofil: Bishop von Galen". History.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of Friday November 7, 1533". Fiu.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 29, 1503". Fiu.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090204122328/http://www.e-grammes.gr/rulers_en.htm. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2010. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Patrick Delaforce Family History Research Chapter 49". Art-science.com. 2005-12-26. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Monarchs of Elba - IBWiki". Ib.frath.net. 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "King Coil - Future Museum South West Scotland". Futuremuseum.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ G. W. S. Barrow, A. Grant, and K. J. Stringer, Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), p. 5.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McGough, Hugh. "Irish Kings by Hugh McGough". magoo.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑
- ↑ "Kings and Dukes of Brittany". Tacitus.nu. 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑
- ↑ "Illustrious People". Wga.hu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter O (3)". Booksulster.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Genealogie Mittelalter". genealogie-mittelalter.de. Archived from the original on January 31, 2004.
- ↑ "Genealogie Mittelalter". genealogie-mittelalter.de. Archived from the original on March 26, 2005.
- ↑ "The Galileo Project | Galileo | Patrons | Medici Family". Galileo.rice.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "DIR Constantine V Copronymus". Roman Emperors. 2004-07-28. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑
- ↑ "Rurikids 10". euweb.cz.
- ↑ "CHAPTER 8". Reformation.org. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ↑ "Problem while searching in History". wisc.edu.
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